ACUPUNCTURE ANALGESIA: FURTHER READING
1 Anon (1975) (Academy of Traditional Medicine). Outline of Chinese AP. Foreign Languages Press, Peking.
1a Anon (1980) Peking, Shanghai, Nanking Colleges of Trad. Chin. Med., with Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Essentials of Chinese AP. Foreign Languages Press, Peking.
2 Anon (1974) The Principles and practice use of AA. Medicine & Health Publishing Co., Hong Kong.
3 Klide,A.M. and Kung,A.H. (1977) Veterinary AP. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
4 Matsumoto,T. (1973) AP of physicians. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
5 Niboyet,J.E.H. et al. (1973) L'anaesthesia par l'AP. Maisonneuve.
6 Patterson,M.A. (1975) Addictions can be cured. Lion Publishers, Berkhamsted, U.K. and personal communication (1975-1980).
7 Glennie-Smith,K. (1986) Stimulation-produced analgesia for major joint surgery in elderly poor-risk patients: a feasibility study. AJA, 1987, 15, 180, ex paper to the International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London, May 4-6.
8 Ponomarenko,T.P. (1987) Experience of using electro-AP in combined analgesia. SJA&ET, 2, 42-45.
REFERENCES
1 Anon (1977) Akita AP Research Unit, Cattle Health Centre, 6-8 Nakadori, Akita-Shi, Akitaken, Japan. Electrostimulation of the thoraco-lumbar and lumbo-sacral space in surgical analgesia of cattle and pigs. Personal communication.
2 Arambarri,R. et al (1975) EAA in veterinary surgery. Revue Med. Vet. 126, 1231-1236.
3 Cheng,R.S.A. and Pomeranz,B.H. (1980) EAA is mediated by stereospecific opiate receptors and is reversed by antagonists of type 1 receptors. Life Sciences, 26, 631-638.
4 Cheng,R. et al (1980) EAA elevates blood cortisol levels in naive horses; sham treatment has no effect. Intern. J. Neuroscience, 10, 95-97.
5 Frost,E.A.M. and Hsu (1975) Neurophysiological pathways in AP. Amer. J. Acup. 3, 331-.
6 Humphries,V.J. (1977) EAA in abdominal surgery in a horse. Case history from International Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS).
7 Ishizaki,S. et al (1977) EAA in high risk dogs. Jap. J. vet. Anaesth., No.8, 21-28 and World Acupuncture Congress, Paris, Summer, 1978.
8 Jacobs,S. et al (1973) EAA in the squirrel monkey. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Pain, Seattle.
9 Kadono,H et al (1977) EEG during EAA in the dog. Jap. J. Vet. Sci., 39, 539-547.
10 Kano,T et al (1976) Electroanaesthesia (EA) studies:EA produced by stimulation of sensory nerves of the scalp of rhesus monkeys. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Current Researches, 55, 536-541.
11 Kitazawa,K. et al (1975) Experimental studies on EAA in the dog. Proc. 20th World Vet. Congress, Thessaloniki, 1657-1658 and (1975) Studies on EAA in the dog; confirmation of the effect. Jap. J. vet. Anaesth., No. 6, 7-14.
12 Kothbauer,0. (1973) EAA in teat analgesia in cows. Austrian Med. J., 28, 1037-1039 and EAA in Caesarean section in cows. Personal Communication (1977) and (1975) Wiener Tierarztl. Monatsschr., 62, 394-396.
13 Lambardt,A. (1975) AA versuche bei katzen. Der Prakt. Tierarzt, 1/1975, 33-36.
14 Lynd,F.T. (1975) AP analgesia investigations in animals. Internal report, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78284. 5 pages.
15 Matsumoto,T. et al (1974) AA in animals: selection of optimal electric stimulation. American Surgeon, October, 558-563.
16 O'Boyle,M.A. and Vajda,G.K. (1975) AA Łor abdominal surgery. Mod. Vet. Pract., 56, 705-707.
17 Ralston,N.C. and Ralston,B.L. (1978) AA for cystotomy surgery in a dog. Amer. J. Acup., 6, 75-76.
17a Still,J. (1987) AP for laparotomy in dogs and cats: an experimental study: American J. Acup., 15, 155-165.
18 Szczerbac,J. (1977) Electric impulses as restraining measures at intervention in cattle. Acta Agrar et Silvestria (Seris Zootvch), 17, 51.
19 Terral,C. (1975) Douleur et Acupuncture, Doc. Thesis, Med. Fac., Montpellier and Rabischong et al (1975) Experimental basis for AA. Nouvelle Press Med, 4, 2021.
20 Toda,K. et al (1980) AA suppresses cortical evoked responses in somatosensory I & II areas after tooth pulp stimulation in the rat. Jap. J. Physiology, 30, 487-490.
21 Sun,Y.C. et al (1980) Veterinary AA (in cattle and horses). 17th Annual International Stockmen's School, Tucson, Arizona. Agri Services Foundation, 648 West Sierra Avenue, Clovis, CA 93612, USA.
22 Vierck,C.J. et al (1974) Prolonged hypalgesia following AP in monkeys. Life Sciences, 15, 1277-1289.
23 Yu Chuan & Hwang Yann-Ching (1990) Handbook on Chinese Veterinary AP and Moxibustion. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bankok. 193pp.
APPENDIX
ANIMAL HYPNOSIS AND AA EFFECTS
Definition: "Animal hypnosis" is also called the "Still Reaction", "Death Feint", "Tonic Immobility (TI)" or the "Immobility Reflex". In this discussion it is called TI. It is a specific tonic immobility, with involuntary but reversible inhibition of spinal reflexes. It involves the selective loss of placing, righting and supporting reflexes. The animal may be alert or drowsy, depending on the nature of the induction of TI and the sensory stimulation during the trance.
Induction of TI: Strong emotions, such as intense fear can trigger TI spontaneously. (The chicken/rabbit "freezes" at the sight of the hawk/weasel). Experimental induction involves one or more of four main techniques: (a) repetitive stimulation; (b) pressure on parts of the body; (c) inversion; (d) forcible restraint until struggling ceases. Tactile and proprioceptive stimuli are the most important inducers but other stimuli, such as visual and auditory inputs, enhance the effect. Visual stimuli are most important in chickens. Enhancement and duration of TI in rabbits 2-4 kg weight is most marked if they are restrained for 5 seconds on their backs in a holder with inside measurements: base 18" X 3.25" X 4.5" high. The effect is enhanced by inserting a block to press slightly against the head. Using this method, duration of TI was 15-60+ minutes, as compared with 0.2-8.0 minutes induced by restraint on a table. TI can be enhanced greatly in duration and depth by low-level ES of certain subcortical brain sites, or of electrodes placed across the head.
Reversibility: TI is easily disrupted by stimuli and care must be taken to avoid disruption of the trance by stimuli , such as loud noise, sudden moves or accidental blows to the animal's legs or body.
Human hypnosis can induce surgical analgesia in some subjects. Animals in TI are less responsive than when awake to mild stimuli, such as sound, pinprick, electric shock. Arousal responses are elicited readily and cerebral-evoked potentials to applied pain stimuli are intact, indicating that sensory information is received. The lack of response to mild stimuli is due to motor inhibition and not to sensory inhibition (analgesia).
TI mechanisms: TI is associated with sympathetic arousal. Motor centres in the brain are inhibited but sensory cortical centres are fully active.
Young rats (up to 3 weeks of age) are good subjects but TI is difficult or impossible to induce in adult rats. Removal of the cerebral cortex in adult rats makes them very susceptible to TI. The difference in susceptibility between intact and decorticated adult rats suggests that, in that species, there is a cortical centre which inhibits a hypnogenic centre elsewhere and that the cortical centre may be underdeveloped in young rats.
Decerebration does not inhibit TI in guinea pigs and rabbits. In TI of rabbits and frogs, the loci of descending inhibition on spinal motor neurons are located in the medullary reticular formation (MRF), brainstem and cerebellum.
Opiate antagonists (naloxone etc) do not inhibit the lack of motor response to mild painful stimuli in TI. In contrast, AA is inhibited by opiate antagonists.
TI and AA activate clearly different responses, use different neurotrans-mission mechanisms, controlled by different parts of the nervous system.
Similarities between "Animal Hypnosis" (TI) and Acupuncture Analgesia (AA)
TI AA
premedication, tranquillisers tranqs, atropine scopolamine, meperidine
enhance depth & enhance AA
duration of TI
mild electrical stimulation enhances enhances
motor reaction to mild pain absent absent if AA points
applied anywhere on the body with wide analgesic
effect are used
drowsiness sometimes often
noise, sudden movement, disrupt TI, cause may disrupt AA, cause
strong pain stimuli motor response motor response
autonomic effect sympathetic mild sympathetic to
neutral
Differences between "Animal Hypnosis" (TI) and Acupuncture Analgesia (AA)
TI AA
physiological response motor inhibition; sensory inhibition;
no sensory inhibition no motor inhibition
analgesia sufficient for 10% of selected cases 80-90% of selected
major surgery in humans; cases in humans and
< 20% of selected cases animals
in animals
generalised response yes only if points with
generalised response
used; mainly local
response
induction time 5-30 seconds 10-40 minutes
duration of effect usually < 3 minutes; as long as needed,
up to 60 minutes in up to 10+ hours
optimal conditions
post-effect analgesia no yes
naloxone no effect inhibits/abolishes AA