SUMMARY
1. Part 1 discussed the Transposition System. Cow charts were prepared. The Cookbook Prescriptions from human texts (APPENDIX 2 and 3 of the paper on the CHOICE OF POINTS FOR PARTICULAR CONDITIONS) can be used with those charts. These charts are not absolute; they are only guides. Your own mental constructs will allow you to apply a similar transposition to the pig.
Part 2 examines AP therapy in specific cases, having first mentioned briefly the traditional texts on Cattle and Pigs.
2. AP treatment of the following conditions in cattle is discussed in some detail, mainly following the transposition system but using, where necessary, points from Kothbauer's system and the traditional system:
a. disorders of fertility and the urogenital system
b. disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
c. disorders of the liver and metabolic disorders
d. disorders of the musculoskeletal system
e. disorders of the respiratory system
f. AP for surgical hypoalgesia in cows
3. AP treatment of the following conditions in pigs is discussed:
a. disorders of fertility and the urogenital system
b. disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
c. disorders of the musculoskeletal system
d. AP for surgical hypoalgesia in pigs
INTRODUCTION
Part 1 (General concepts of AP), STRESSED the importance of the Transposition System. For western vets, this is easier to learn and to use than the Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medical (TCVM) system. However, some TCVM points in large animals are very important and have no counterpart in the human system. Therefore, it is necessary to learn some of the TCVM points.
This paper (Part 2) will discuss AP as practised by western vets under two main headings:
2.1 the TCVM points
2.2 specific examples of AP analgesia and therapy in cattle and pigs
2.1 Traditional Chinese Vet Medical (TCVM) points
Some textbooks in Chinese, Japanese and other oriental languages describe the location and uses of TCVM points in horses, cattle, pigs, camels, goats and other animals. Because of difficulty in translation, many of these texts are unknown to western vets. For example, Dr. Jen Hsou Lin has published his book, but in Chinese. We need translations of the good texts on TCVM into western languages as an urgent priority. This would help in the study and research of vet AP in the west. However, some texts have been translated already (Klide & Kung 1977; Westermayer 1978, 1980; Rubin 1976; White 1985) and other texts use a combination of traditional, transposition and provocation methods to describe the location, function and uses of the points (Kothbauer 1983).
There are dozens of textbooks on human AP. Some of the better ones are listed in the references below. However, there are many differences in nomenclature, point functions, point location and point combinations for therapy between these human texts. The same problem exists for the TCVM texts.
There is a great need for scholars to produce an INTEGRATED text which would amalgamate the data available from all sources and produce a standardised text for each species.
The text by Dr. Lin will be used to show some of the differences and difficulties between the TCVM and the human transposition system. Figures 7-12 show the location of the TCVM points in cattle and pigs (Lin 1985). Comparison of these figures with those of human texts (for example Anon 1980a) shows that some TCVM points are located in positions which agree with the human transposition system: ST36 (Zu San Li); GV04,12,14,26 (Ming men, Shen chu, Ta chui, Ren Zhong); CV08,12 (Chi chung, Zhong Wan).
However, many TCVM points have names, locations or functions which differ from those of human points. For example, Bai Hui is on the head in humans. It is coded GV20 and is used in headache, dizziness, nervous exhaustion and prolapse of the uterus or rectum.
In animals, Bai Hui is in the lumbosacral space, one space behind GV03 in humans. It is a most important point in animals (reproductive, urinary, intestinal problems and all conditions of the lumbosacral area and hindlimbs).
In humans, a "Strange point" (ShihChiChuiHsi) is in the lumbosacral space. Its human uses are lumbago, leg pain, pelvic limb paralysis, gynaecological disorders etc (Anon 1975).
Some important TCVM points (horse, cow, pig):
Figure 13 shows some of the TCVM points used for Electro-AP (EAP) analgesia (EAPA) for surgery in horses and cattle (Sun et al 1980). These points also have therapeutic uses.
Bai Hui GV line, in the lumbosacral space (= New human point Shih Chi Chui Hsi)
San Tai GV line, in the T3-T4 or T4-T5 space (SHEN CHU, = human GV12)
Shen Shu 2.5 tsun lat. to BaiHui
Tian Ping GV line, in the thoracolumbar space (= New human point Chieh Ku)
Wei Chien GV line, at the tip of the tail
Wei Gan GV line, in coccygeal 2-3 space
Wei Ken GV line, in the sacrococcygeal space (YAO Shu, = human GV02)
Yao Pang 1 below tip of transverse process of L1. Needle ant. inf. towards
body of last thoracic vertebra.
Yung Chi between transverse processes of L5-L6 (= human BL26)
Ancient TCVM charts for the cow and pig show key AP points for the main thoracic and abdominal organs in the paravertebral area (see table 5 and figures 5 and 6). These are the TCVM Shu points, see Part 1 (1.3).
As in humans, reactivity at the Shu point and other TPs in the cow can be very helpful in diagnosis. Reactive Shu points need to be treated directly, or indirectly (for example by the use of Ting Points, or other Master Points). However, in the pig, because of difficulty in handling and the tendency to squeal at the slightest restraint, the Shu and TPs are of little diagnostic value but if diagnosis is made on other grounds, they are useful in therapy.
One of the most disturbing differences between TCVM and Transposition is the discrepancy in the location of the TCVM Shu points and the human Shu points. Many points of the human BL Channel (paravertebral Channel) do not appear on the TCVM charts but it seems certain that stimulation of the animal in regions corresponding to the (missing) points would have similar effects to those in humans, because of similarity of spinal innervation. It would be very valuable to repeat provocation experiments in cows and pigs, similar to those done already by Kothbauer and Schupbach. Systematic provocation and mapping of the reflex zones would quickly determine which of the two systems (TCVM or Transposition) is the more accurate. In practice this may not matter much, as it is well known that each organ in the thorax and abdomen is innervated by branches from 3-5 spinal nerves. Therefore, one would expect some overlap in the locations of Shu points and many possible Shu points for each organ, both longitudinally as well as laterally.
A look at table 4 shows that this is the case for the cow (Kothbauer). Table 5 shows that TCVM Shu points are omitted for PC, TH, KI, BL organs in the cow and pig and the location differs somewhat from that suggested by transposition from humans. Those interested in the traditional system may study the relevant texts.
TCVM is more easily learned by Orientals than by Occidentals. This is because the TCVM texts give point names by their Chinese character, making it much easier for the reader of Chinese to understand the system. Few westerners have sufficient motivation to study TCVM because of the difficulties involved. Some of these difficulties would be reduced if a new, integrated ("Standardised International") text could be prepared for each species, with alpha-numeric point codes and western translation of the point names.
2.2 Specific examples of AP analgesia and therapy in cattle and pigs
Appendix 2 and 3 of the paper "Choice of points for particular conditions" contain the "Top Ten" points for the main body areas and for the more common clinical conditions in humans which respond to AP. These prescriptions were produced by computer analysis from a large database of human AP text-books and clinical articles. These prescriptions may be applied to vet AP in the transposition method, using CHARTS 1-17 (Part 1 of this seminar).
However, some specific examples of AP treatment follow. Unless otherwise stated, the point coding used in the following section is based on the transposition method (see CHARTS 1-17 in Part 1 of the seminar). Where Chinese point names are used, they refer to the TCVM locations.
2.2.1 Disorders of fertility and the urogenital system in cattle
AP is useful in the following conditions: anoestrus, silent heat, repeat breeder (where the problem is hormonal or embryonic death) and cystic ovary (follicular or luteal cysts). It has also been used in bulls to improve libido, to increase sperm counts and in impotence and lumbosacral pain. It can influence the pelvic ligaments, cervix and uterus, vagina and vulva. Therefore, it helps in cases of dystocia, placental retention, delayed involution of the uterus after calving, postpartum uterine infection etc. It is also of great help in reposition of the prolapsed uterus and in returning the postpartum uterus to normal tone.
The most important points relating to reproductive function and genitalia are in the lumbosacral area, especially:
ovary, testis: BL22,23,51,52; GV04,05, especially BL23 (Kothbauer, Piper);
tubes, uterus horn: BL24,25;
uterus: BL26,26.1,27,28,31,32; GV03;
cervix, vagina, penis: GV02,03; BL29,30,31,33,34.
The other Channels crossing the lower abdominal area are: CV, KI, ST, SP, LV and GB. (See a chart of the human abdominal Channels). Points on these Channels may also influence the genitalia and reproductive system. For example:
ovary, tubes, testis: CV06,07; KI15; ST26; SP14; GB25,26
uterus horn: CV05; KI14; ST27; SP13; GB27
uterus body: CV04; KI13; ST28; SP12; GB28
cervix: CV03; KI12; ST29; GB27, 29, 30
vagina, vulva, penis: CV01,02; KI11; ST30; LV12
Distant points on the three YIN Channels of the foot (LV, SP, KI) may be added (especially SP06; LV05) but local points on the back, flank and belly will usually suffice.
Kothbauer and Greiff also mention injection of 2% procaine solutions in the paracervical area. To do this requires a very long needle (50 cm) inside a sterile insemination straw. The straw is introduced per vaginam to touch the vaginal wall lateral to the cervix. The needle tip is extended 20-30 mm through the vagina to lie beside the lateral wall of the uterus body. 10-20 ml of 2% procaine is injected on each side. This procedure can influence genital and reproductive functions.
Infertility (anoestrus, silent heat, repeat breeder, cystic ovary, nymphomania) (Westermayer, Kothbauer, Lakshmipathi, Fung, Greiff, Turnbull, Piper etc): Points are chosen, depending on the signs and diagnosis, as below. Particular attention is given to reactive points on the lumbosacral and paralumbar area, especially BL, GV and GB points. If one had to use just one single point, BL26 (bilaterally) is the most important. It can be used on its own (bilateral) or combined with BL23,27; GV03. Point BL26.1 (BL27 in Kothbauer's coding) is also very useful in reproductive disorders (Kothbauer, Piper).
In disorders of the hormones, endocrine points may be added, as required: thyroid (CV23; GV16; ST09,10; GB21,22); pituitary (TH22; GB20; GV20; ST08); pancreas (BL20,49; SP06; ST21); adrenal (BL22,23,51,52; GV04). Ovary points, especially BL23 are combined with endocrine points and points such as BL26, BL26.1 for cases with small inactive ovaries (Kothbauer, Piper).
AP point treatment may be of many types: simple needling (25-50 mm deep, 10-20 minutes), EAP (5-15 minutes; 5-35Hz), injection of the AP points with saline, homoeopathic preparations or procaine-based neural-therapeutic agents, moxa and needle-moxa. All these methods appear to work. Treatment can be for 1-3 times at intervals of 3-7 days. Mate at the next oestrus if the uterus seems to be free of infection. Oestrus may occur 1-80 days after AP in anoestrus cows and 1-10 days after AP in cycling cows.
A recent paper claimed excellent results in anoestrus cows using Laser (He-Ne, 632.8 nm, mean output power 6mW, 7.5mA, 1.5-3.0 mm light spot) focused on YINTI (the clitoris) from a distance of 5-30 cm. Treatment was 10 minutes/day for 6 days. Then rest 3 days and repeat, if needed. Serum progesterone levels were measured 10-30 days before and 30-100 days after AP. They confirmed that He-Ne Laser on Yinti (the clitoris) had a luteolytic effect and tended to synchronise oestrus. The research continues (Yu Chuan 1983).
Reposition of prolapsed uterus (Westermayer, Kothbauer, Kuussaari, Turnbull): The main points are GV02,03,04; BL53,34,32,30,28,26,24 (or BL54,52,33,31,29,27,25,23; CV02). The needles are placed to a depth of 25-50 mm. The farmer may twirl the needles for a few seconds each, repeating every two minutes, while the vet is preparing for surgery. Within 15 minutes, the congestion is much less and the uterus can be returned easily without the need for epidural anaesthesia.
It helps if the hindquarter is raised or if the cow is standing. After the reposition, a restraining harness or vulval sutures may be used.
Dystocia (Westermayer, Kothbauer, Kuussaari): The same points are used as in reposition. Relaxation of the ligaments and cervix can give great assistance and the uterus contracts more vigorously and in a more coordinated manner in response to AP at those points.
Retained placenta, delayed involution of uterus, metritis, toxaemia (Westermayer, Kothbauer, Muxeneder): AP can help to restore normal size, muscle tone and function of the uterus postpartum. If the cow is very sick, western medicine is used (in shock, infection, toxaemia). However AP can also help. Guided by the main signs, points for toxaemia (liver: BL18,19,47,48; adrenal: see above); inappetance (stomach: BL20,21,49,50; ST36; liver: see above); lumbar area (BL22-27,51,52); shock (GV26; WEICHIEN; BL15,44; PC06); uterus (see above) etc are chosen.
In postpartum conditions, the cow is often cold. In such cases, moxa is preferable to AP, or moxa can be burned on the needles. Such cases are treated every 1-2 days for 2-5 times. Particular attention is given to any reactive points which may be found in the lumbosacral area.
Greiff injects homoeopathic solutions in the AP points but it is beyond the scope of this paper to attempt to describe the homoeopathic drugs and their uses.
Neonatal apnoea: In cases where the calf is born alive but fails to breathe, needling of GV26, TIP OF EAR point and WEICHIEN is very good (Kothbauer, Kuussaari).
Reluctance to suckle: To increase the suckling reflex in calves, Kothbauer needles GV28 (at the openings of nasopalatine ducts on the dental pad).
Urinary disorders: The more common urinary disorders in cows which can be helped by AP are nephritis, cystitis, dysuria and urinary (fluid) retention. The most important points are:
Kidney: (BL22,23,24,51,52; GV04,05; ST25; SP15; KI16; GB25; LV13; CV07,08; HuaToJiaJi in area T12-L3). SP13 is the Mu point of the kidney.
Ureter: (BL25,26,27; GV03; ST26,27; SP14; KI14,13; GB26; CV05,06; HuaToJiaJi in area L3-S1)
Bladder: (BL28-34,53,54; GV02,3; ST28,29; SP13; KI11,12; GB27,28; CV02,03,04; HuaToJiaJi in area S2-S4).
Points are chosen as for fertility problems (reactive points, points for the major affected organ or for the major symptoms). In serious infections, western treatment (antibacterial drugs) can be combined with AP.